Chapter 10: Researching Like a ProIn the chapter:
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The Socratic Method, Plato, and the TalmudSocrates was a fifth century B.C.E. Athenian philosopher who was sentence to death by drinking Hemlock (a poison) in 399 for advocating seeking the truth and (supposedly) corrupting the youth of Athens. Socrates left no written record, and his teachings were recorded, after the fact, most famously in The Apology by Plato, a student of Socrates.In The Apology, which concerns Socrates’s trial and death, Plato wrote that Socrates’s method of learning consisted of repeated questioning—often until the person being questioned reached a contradiction, thus proving the falsity of the original position taken. The questioner never takes a position, and, as Socrates put it, “the wise man is the man who knows he knows nothing.” Ultimately, the term “Socratic reasoning” has come to mean a dialectical method— the so-called Socratic method—to find the truth by modifying one's position through repeated questioning of those with different ideas. Born into an important and rich Athenian family, Plato’s early career as a philosophic writer primarily focused on the dialectic techniques he has learned as a student of Socrates. While Plato’s later work continued to discuss the ideas originated by Socrates, Plato’s writings went to explorer a diverse range of subjects from the idea form of government (in The Republic, other than The Apology his most famous work) to questions of ontology—how we know what we know—and the nature of reality. The Talmud is a vast written record of rabbinical discussions of Jewish laws, ethics, customs, legends, and more. It is also an extension, parallel commentary, and gloss on the Torah, the first five books of the Hebrew bible (Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deutoronomy). Taken as a whole, the Talmud is the basis for all subsequent codes of Jewish law. Complex and (possibly) self-contradictory, for some Jewish people the Talmud is a binding legal code and code of behavior. For other people (both Jewish and non-Jewish) the Talmud is a source of inspiration and moral instruction. There’s a great deal more that can be said about Socrates, Plato, and the Talmud. The next time you have some spare time, I suggest you Google each term in order to learn about these great sources for understanding human reasoning and methodologies. For more background information about how to research, please see Chapter 10... Links from the chapter:
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